Centre For Technology In Government Project - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 13 Words: 3986 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? 1.0 Introduction The construction industry is a large and complex industry comprising many types and sizes of organizations and a diverse range of professionals and other representative bodies. Consequently, the biggest problem is conflicts in the industry between both clients and contractors and the contractors and their sub contractors (Cooke and Williams, 2009). This most often is as a result of non-clarification of roles or breach of the contract procedures by one of the parties because of lack of communication and co-ordination. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Centre For Technology In Government Project" essay for you Create order Poor productivity and quality within the industry have also been attributed to lack of advance management of the processes by both Latham (1994) and Egan (1998). Professional bodies have therefore introduced various plans of work as attempts to facilitates processes within the industry. In this report, the updated RIBA plan of work which was designed by British architects was employed to plan the execution of a project (CTG) from appraisal to completion. Alternative maps for the same project were produced using the Generic Design and Construction Process Protocol (GCDPP) which was developed in 1995 in other to identify the potential benefits and problems that might be encountered in the use of the process protocol. 2.0 Current plan of work 2.1 Context The Department of Business Innovation and Skills (DBIS) intends to construct a new project, Centre for Technology in Government (CTG), which is a 250,000 square feet facility built to house world class super computers and nuclear weapons design staff. The building site is located in Liverpool, UK and the allowed budget for the project is  £50,000,000. The client had explicit goals and therefore appointed a cross-functional team from the start to translate the needs into a design brief. The cross-functional team, after the conceptual design stage, identified various functional and operational requirements (FORs) which were grouped by room type. These FORs became the basis for requests of proposals that resulted in design and build contract 2.2 Procurement method It is important to briefly explain the procurement method used to execute the CTG project because the procurement method and type of contract employed will have implications on the plan of work (Clamp et al, 2007 p 32). Single stage tender (assumption) design and build contract was used; the client, DBIS selected CTG to execute the project because of the business relationship they shared as well as the fact that, the constructor was needed at the design stage to give advice on the constructional method and buildability of the concepts. The client-led design ended at the conceptual stage (RIBA stage C) and the contractor was therefore provided with conceptual designs. 2.3 RIBA Plan of Work The Plan of Work (RIBA, 1997) was originally published in 1963 as a standard method of operation for the construction of buildings, and it has become widely accepted as the operational model throughout the building industry (Kagioglou et al, 1998). It was developed from the view point of the architect to provide a frame work for a standardised method of operation for the design, construction and management of buildings (Poon et al, 2003). This plan of work was developed to meet the needs of the traditional forms of contract and breaks down the entire construction into 5 key stages. There key stages are further broken down into 11 sub-processes as shown below 2.4 RIBA plan of work in GC Ltd There is, however, a slight variation to the work stages primarily because of the procurement method (Design and Build) used. This is because the cross functional team assembled by the client produces conceptual designs that were grouped into FORs which formed the basis of the request for proposals. Detailed designs (RIBA stage D) and technical designs stage (RIBA stage E) were produced by the contractor before tender action while production information stage (RIBA stage F) proceeded after mobilisation stage (RIBA stage J). Figure 2.1 shows the plan of work used in executing the project from the perspective of the constructors which is seen to differ slightly from the plan of work in appendix 1 Figure 2.1 Adoption of RIBA plan of work for Contractor Appendix 2 shows the detailed mapping of each of the above sub processes. 2.4.1 Preparation As a constructor, the first stage of involvement was to review the employerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s (Department for business innovation and skills) conceptual requirement that has already been identified with the cross-functional team. The constructor (GG ltd) receives the conceptual brief containing the FORs by room type and also confirming key requirements and constraints as well as the Construction (Design and Management) Regulations. The in-house quality management procedures that will be applied on the project is determined. These culminate into the contractorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s brief. Since GC ltd already has an in- house design team, they assist in the preparation of the contractorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s brief. The construction company at this stage appoints one of its in-house staff to act as the CDM co-ordinator. During the review, some questions may arise, especially concerning site conditions and operational hazards. It is the responsibility of the contractor to provide all such in formation to the design team and the CDM co-ordinator. The design team advises on the need for additional consultants for the project. Documents that will accompany the tender submission are identified and the pre-tender programme drawn up. This process in mapped out in detail in appendix 2. 2.4.2 Design development Once the conceptual designs are fully reviewed and understood by the contractor and his team, he authorizes the final layouts. The design team then develops the project brief into developed designs including, the structural elements, the services systems and the general architectural layout. The initial cost plan is updated and the CDM co-ordinator ensures that all health and safety regulation have been considered at this stage. 2.4.3 Technical design This is the last stage of design development before production information is prepared. The detailed designs are produced and all approvals obtained including that of building regulations. The health and safety file is updated by the CDM co-ordinator and the cost plans and cash flows also updated by the quantity surveyor. The stage D report will form the basis of the tender documents. This process in mapped out in detail in appendix 2. 2.4.5 Tender action Once the detailed developments are obtained, the contractor with the CDM co-ordinator prepares the draft initial construction phase plan. The quantity surveyor advises on the preliminaries, the contingencies and the work sequences and proceeds to prepare the contract sum analysis. The CDM co-ordinator, the quantity surveyor and the other design team members contribute to the stage report prepared by the lead consultant. The report includes all the documents intended to be used for tendering. The contractor checks the report to ensure compliance and the tender documents are submitted. The submitted tender documents are evaluated by the employerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s agent and any queries responded to by the contractor and his team. Once the contract is awarded to the winning firm (GC Ltd), there is negotiation between the employerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s agent and the contractor before final adjustments are agreed. 2.4.6 Mobilization The employerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s agent confirms to the client that the contractor (GC ltd) has been duly selected. The contractor is then appointed and the tender documents become the contract documents with certified copies sent to the contractor. His insurances for the project are checked by the employerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s agent. The site is handed over the contractor and he proceeds to develop his initial construction phase plan with his team and the CDM co-ordinator. Statutory approvals and other detailed planning permission are also obtained. 2.4.7 Production Information The final proposals are translated into precise technical instruction for pricing and construction purposes, which is the preparation of detailed drawings, schedules and specifications. The health and safety file is finally updated by the CDM co-ordinator. The contractor, the design team the quantity surveyor and the CDM co-ordinator reviews all process to ensure compliance with brief and procedures. 2.4.8 Construction This is where actual construction of the CTG building takes place in accordance with contract agreements. Further information is supplied to the contractor as and when deemed necessary. At this stage the contractor, his team and sub contractors are typically involved. 2.4.9 Rectification period After construction to practical completion, final inspections are done and the project is handed over. The contract document allows the contractor to be paid half the amount in the final certificate with the other half released after a predetermined period (6 months), defects liability period. Within which all faults and problems are corrected by the contractor. 2.5 Appraisal of RIBA in CTG project The RIBA plan of work was one of the first expressions of building process by members of the building team (Poon et al, 2003) and has been tried, tested and accepted. It has been widely adopted as the basis of calculating consultantsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ fees as well as gives a vivid description of work stages (Clamp et al, 2007). Adopting à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“design and buildà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? as procurement route while employing the RIBA plan of work in the CTG project resulted in hybrid process which improves the plan of work especially in the area of flexibility and eliminates sequential flows which, Sheath et al (1996) argues that, have caused problems of fragmentation and poor co-ordination between project team members. CTG, as a project that will house the designing and testing of nuclear weapons, it requires the involvement of all major stakeholders, as such the client, DBIS assembled a cross-functional team including the contractor, in order to better identify his needs and requirements and identify any possible constraints on development and eventually produce a holistic brief. The adoption of the cross-functional team approach had the advantage of improving co-ordination and communication from the design stage throughout to the project (Kagioglou et al, 1998). It was also necessary to involve the constructors early in the design phase in order to eliminate any claims and counter claims for costs, quality and time between the various parties of the contract (Gunaskaran and Love, 1998). This will ensure buildability and reduce the incident of rework and waste in the design process and construction process. Having established the cross-functional team, weekly meetings were held to review all aspec ts of the design. Since it is a single stage tender, it became the responsibility of the contractor to produce the developed designs and technical designs prior to tender action. In order to facilitate the continuous review of the design by the cross-functional team, the contractor broke the technical design into mini phases as follows; all layouts and setting outs, pile caps and ground beams, structural steel work, substructure, super structure, detailed security services and services systems. There were series of reviews and the final review was during the tender action. Once the contract was signed and mobilisation got underway, the production information was produced concurrently. Construction commenced immediately mobilisation is complete. Daily visits by the cross functional team ensured co-ordination and team work all through the construction. RIBA plan of work guarantees flexibility in the basic outline, in that it can be modified to suit any form of procurement used by simply re-arranging the sub processes (Clamp et al, 2007). The RIBA plan of work, 2007 appears to be very elaborate an simple to understand and use because it maps out the main process at the higher level indicating the sub processes and the outputs at each stage. The details of the sub processes can also be mapped out indicating the activities involved and the parties responsible for those activities. Finally the adoption of the design and build and employing a cross-functional team ensures better understanding of requirements, better translation to drawings, more effective and efficient construction process devoid of any conflicts and unnecessary variations eventually leading to a satisfied client and a satisfied contractor. In every building contract there is some degree of risk (Clamp et al, 2007). Balance of speculative risk will lie almost wholly with the CTG contractor in this project with the client bearing the conceptual risk which involves matters that are key to operational efficiency such as scheme. All the major disadvantages that have been associated with RIBA; linear fashion (Jamieson, 1997; Cooper et al, 2004), lack co-ordination and communication (Sheath at al 1996, Kagioglou et al, 1998), buildability issues and biasness towards the architect (Poon et al, 2003) have been catered for by the adoption of the design and build procurement system as well as the introduction of the cross functional team (including the contractor) at the very beginning of the CTG project. However there are still a number of issues that remains unresolved and primary among them is the absence of a mechanism to transfer all the knowledge that will be shared by the entire CTG project team to similar projects in the future because both success and failure can offer important lessons for the future (Kagioglou et al, 2000). Finally, throughout the entire project, subcontractor and suppliers are only involved from the mobilisation stage (RIBA J) 3.0 The Generic Design and Construction Process Protocol 3.1 Background The Generic Design and Construction Process Protocol (GDCPP) was funded by the Engineering and Physical Science Research Council (EPSRC) under the Innovative Manufacturing Initiate (IMI) and undertook by the University of Salford with a leading number of industrial partners, including clients, architects, contractors, subcontractors, consultants, suppliers and IT specialists during 1995-98 (Lee et al, 2000). The main aim of this project was to develop a Generic Design and Construction Process Protocol for the construction industry by considering the lessons learnt through a number of decades in manufacturing New Product Development (NPD). This was achieved by comprehensive reviews of the construction and manufacturing industries, interactive workshops with the project industrial partners, case studies in the manufacturing and construction industry and other research and data collection tools and techniques (Aouad et al, 1999). There are eight key principles involved in process protocol for process as follows which are originated from manufacturing process. Whole Project view, a consistent Process, Progressive Design Fixity, Co ordination, Stakeholder Involvement team work, Feedback, Process Flexibility, Customisable Process. (www.processprotocol.com). The model identifies the various activities involved in the complete execution of the project as well as the responsible parties produced on a horizontal- X and vertical à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"Y axis respectively resulting in a form of a responsibility matrix. The parties responsible for activity within each phase can be a single person, a firm or a complex network of people (depending on the size of the project) who have been grouped in to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“activity zonesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Consequently, eight (8) activity zones have been identified by the model and are listed below Development Management Project Management Resource Management Design Management Production Management Facilities Management Health Safety, Statutory legal Management Process Management Change Management The design and construction process (X- axis) have been broken down into 10 distinct phases. These 10 phases are grouped into 4 broad stages: Pre-Project, Pre-Construction, Construction and Post-Construction. (www.processprotocol.com). These 4 stages are briefly explained below 3.2 Pre-Project Stage The Pre-Project Phases (0-3) relate to the strategic business considerations of any potential project which aims to address a clientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s need. Throughout the Pre-Project Phases the clientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s need is progressively defined and assessed with the aim of: Determining the need for a construction project solution, and Securing outline financial authority to proceed to the Pre-Construction Phases (Cooper et al, 2005 p 76) These phases have been mapped out in detail in appendix 4 Phase zero: Demonstrating the Need Phase one: Conception of Need Phase two: Outline Feasibility Phase three: Substantive Feasibility Study Outline Financial Authority 3.3 Pre-Construction Stage At this stage (4-6), the defined clientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s need is developed into an appropriate design solution through a logical sequence, with the aim of delivering approved production information (Cooper et al, 2005 p78) These phases are listed below have been mapped out in detail in appendix 4 Phase four: Outline Conceptual Design Phase five: Full Conceptual Design Phase six: Coordinated design, Procurement Full Financial Authority 3.4 Construction Stage The Construction Phases (7-8) is solely concerned with the production of the project solution. It is here that the full benefits of the co-ordination and communication earlier in the Process may be fully realised. Potentially, any changes in the clientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s requirements will be minimal, as the increased cost of change as the design progresses should be fully understood by the time on-site construction work begins (Cooper et al, 2005 p78). The phases involved are listed below. Refer to appendix 4 for detailed maps Phase seven: Production Information Phase eight: Construction 3.5 Post-Construction Stage Upon completion of the Construction Phase, the Process Protocol continues into the Post-Construction phases which aim to continually monitor and manage the maintenance needs of the constructed facility (Cooper et al, 2005 p 80). This is the last phase of the model Phase 9: Operation Maintenance 3.6 Gates There are gates (soft and hard) in between the phases mentioned above. Soft gates are review points during the process which require a decision to be made, but does not require the temporary overhaul of the whole project until a decision to proceed is made. They enable concurrency while hard gates are review points during the process which may require the temporary overhaul of the project until a decision to proceed is made. (www.processprotocol.com). 3.7 Applying the GDCPP to the CTG project The backgrounds of the construction parties are very variant and they therefore have varying skills, it is therefore critical that parties understand and appreciate the interdependence and responsibilities of one another (Poon et al, 2003). However contract-led restrictions of previous models have prevented the involvement of the various parties in the early stages of the project life (Cooper et al, 2005). The GDCPP aims to improve co-ordination of the entire design and construction process (Lee et al, 2000) and try to address the key areas of the process that have been identified for improvement. The first benefit of adopting the GDCPP in the CTG project in that, it extends the recognized construction industryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s involvement beyond completion (cooper et al, 2005) and therefore covers the entire lifespan of the project as can be seen in appendices 3 and 4. This will increase the commitments of all parties to the contract especially the contactor and the sub contractors as they continue to bear some contractual risks within the project even after practical completion. Moreover, risk and value management starts right at the beginning of the project and runs through all the phases as can be seen in appendix 3 and in more detail in appendix 4. This has been absent from the RIBA plan of work. Since the client, the cross-functional team, contractors, subcontractors and suppliers are involved at an early stage, there will therefore be a complete identification of all possible risks and hence an early adoption of strategies to mitigate them. With a project of CTGà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s nature, variation of requirements at any stage will have serious cost implications on the project, as such the introduction of phase reviews (as can be seen on appendix 3) which aim at reviewing work in each phase and approving progress to the next stage while employing the hard or soft gates is an added advantage. This will assure high quality of work performance (Kagioglou et al, 1998). The backbone of the successful execution of the CTG project will be a good relationship between parties (Jamieson, 1997; Cooper et al, 2005). More often than not, problems have ranged from litigation, lack of trust, lack of communication and lack of knowledge sharing between parties as they have perhaps never worked together probably will never do again (Lee et al, 2000). Therefore the involvement of all stakeholders and using strategic partnering arrangements will allow involvement of all parties from the requirements capture phase as shown on appendix 3 and this fosters a team environment and encourages appropriate and timely communication and decision making (Lee et al 2000) and because stakeholders are identified, their responsibilities will be explicitly identified. Feedback is an important concept which aims to regulate and improve performance (Poon et al, 2003). The inclusion of the legacy archive with the process protocol is an added advantage. It gives the players within the industry an opportunity to draw from the success or failures of past projects upon which the current or future projects. Furthermore, the adoption of standardised deliverables assist in smooth project delivery as every team knows what is to be produced and at what stage. This is the only way continuous improvement can be sustained. However, the first problem that will come to the mind of members of the construction industry is the extent of involvement of IT in the process. Poon et al (2003) argue that, apart from describing the activities in the map, it is also necessary to use multiple computing skills, which include electronic data interchange, artificial intelligence, integrated databases, inter/intranet application and document management systems in order to analyse activities. The whole set of activities might seem cumbersome and too complicated for non-computer literate users. The roles of the process management and change management activity zones seem to lean much toward the activities and roles of the project manager within the context of construction. Therefore, there could be conflict of responsibilities within these activity zones as they operate within the project. This is the case because of the fundamental difference between construction and manufacturing in relation to the product, the processes and the tracking of changes that occur. Though the process protocol is generic and has the advantage of flexibility, it is quite difficult to fit the protocol into an ongoing project because it has its own definitions and terminologies which could possibly result in confusion if blended with the terminology of the one going project. 4. 0 Production activities An activity is a well defined task in a project which usually requires a certain amount of time to complete and absorbs a portion of the projectà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s financial budget (Waller, 2002). In the CTG project, there are many production activities, however, casting the foundation have been chosen for appraisal 4.1 Casting the foundation A cross functional process map shown in appendix 5 is used to depict how a typical foundation slab within the CTG project is cast indicating the processes cutting across several functions. According to the transformation theory, the emphasis is on the translation of the concrete into the foundation and slab (Koskela, 2000). However, in order to ensure the foundation is cast according to the drawings, checking/inspection is done intermittently as can be seen on the map, this brings us to the flow model: there are waiting, inspection and moving together with the transformations (Koskela, 2000). This is so because, once the formwork in place and the foundation is cast, it has to be inspected. As depicted on the map there are such inspections which involve, waiting and moving as the entire foundation is cast. The effect of these is the eventual extension to the time required to execute the particular operation. There are some non value-adding activities that are important, an example being the time allowed for the concrete to harden before the forms are struck and preparation of the excavated surfaces after excavation. There are other non-value adding activities that need to eliminate an example being the time spent in undertaking all these inspections. In order to improve the efficiency of this process, focus should be on the elimination to the non-value adding processes. 5.0 Conclusion The RIBA plan of work still has its advantage of simplicity and adaptability to various procurement methods. However the GDCPP proves to be more holistic in its approach towards customer satisfaction. The GDCPP is easily adopted in the CTG project primarily because of the size and complexity of the project. The cost that may be incurred through implementation of the protocol will be offset in the communication, co-ordination and team work which will eventually be created. This may however not be the case in relatively smaller projects. The introduction and sustenance of the protocol will fail due to poor process change within companies and will even fail more should managements try to adopt shortcuts by expecting individual workers to execute new working practices without training. Effective implementation and adoption of the protocol requires continuous training and education. This training needs to start from management level down to the last worker.

Civil Rights Movement Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1853 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/03/25 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Civil Rights Movement Essay Malcolm X Essay Martin Luther King Essay Did you like this example? Two of the most prominent men of the Civil Rights movement were Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X. These two men, while both advocating for the right for African Americans to reach their true potential, could not have had more opposing opinions on how to do so. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Civil Rights Movement: Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X" essay for you Create order King took a more passive approach, while Malcolm X advocated for anything but. Despite their stark differences in ideology, both men were able to use their platforms to bring the issue of Civil Rights to the forefront of conversations across the nation. Their differences in upbringing, goals, and perceptions of success are still widely discussed today, and these men have been cemented in history as two of the most prominent Civil Rights advocates, with their effects and successes still being prevalent today. Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X could not have had more different upbringings. King was born to a middle-class family and raised in Atlanta, Georgia. His grandfather and father were both pastors who practiced in a National Baptist Convention church, and King considered the church to be his second home. He grew up in an immersive African American community where everyone supported each other. He was fortunate to be able to attend three different higher education institutions: Morehouse College, the Crozer Seminary, and Boston University, where he eventually obtained his PhD. After finishing his education, he became a pastor at a church in Montgomery, eventually moving home to become a co-pastor with his father at their church in Atlanta. While in Montgomery, he became the president of the Montgomery Improvement Association during the bus boycotts, and he also founded the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. Malcolm X had a different story. Born and raised in Omaha, Nebraska, Malcolm had a less than ideal upbringing. At the age of four, his house was burned down, and only two years later his father was murdered in what was made to look like an automobile accident. Before his fathers death, he served as a Baptist preacher. He was also an organizer for the Universal Negro Improvement Association, a black nationalist organization that stressed black pride and independence, separation from whites, and an internationalist Pan-African identity among blacks everywhere. Soon after his fathers death, his mother suffered from a psychotic break and ended up being institutionalized, meaning that Malcolm had to enter foster care. All of his foster homes were white, and he attended a mostly white school until eighth grade, which marked the end of his education. In his early adulthood, he moved to Boston to live with his sister, where he entered a life of crime. He became a predatory hustler, pimp, drug pusher, gambling ring leader, and anything else that could possibly make him money. This all came to a head when he was arrested for burglary and was imprisoned from 1946-1952. The differences in King and Malcolms upbringings is prevalent in their ideology and suggestions for dealing with the Civil Rights movement. Malcolms advocacy or support for violence can be traced back to the violence he was subjected to at the hands of the Ku Klux Klan and the fact that his father was murdered. If whites were willing to incite violence to get what they want, African Americans should be able to do the same. On the other hand, Kings aversion to violence and other ideological facets can be traced back to his upbringing. Growing up in the church, King was taught to love and accept everyone, and he preached this to those that followed him through the Civil Rights movement. Kings ultimate goal was explicitly stated in his I Have a Dream speech. He hoped that one day people would no longer be judged by the color of their skin, but by their actions and character. He wanted to live to see a day where someone could walk down the street and not remember or think about the skin color of person they walked past. He dreamed of a time when skin color became of equal importance as eye or hair color and nothing more. Based on these goals, he tried to relate to his followers that the peaceful Civil Rights movement was morally right as opposed to other options. In his famous speech, King says, when we allow freedom to ring, when we let it ring from every village and hamlet, from every state and city, we will be able to speed up that day when all of Gods children- black men and white men, Jews and Gentiles, Catholics and Protestants- will be able to join hands to sing in the words of the old Negro spiritual, Free at last, free at last; thank God Almighty, we are free at last, (King, p. 107). While Kings goal never really changed, Malcolms goals changed as his religious affiliations shifted throughout his adulthood. While Malcolm was in prison, he found the Nation of Islam. After he became a member of the Nation and was instituted as a spokesperson, Malcolm rose to prominence and spread the message of the Nation of Islam to his followers. The goals of the Nation spoke nothing of integration. Instead, they wanted African Americans to set up their own schools, support networks, and churches. They wanted continued and complete separation from whites, and would do whatever it took to make this happen. However, this goal was not persistent throughout Malcolms career. In 1964, he traveled to Mecca to complete the hajj, which broadened his perspective on his faith and keyed him in to the international struggles of darker peoples. During this trip, he converted to Sunni Islam. From here, his goals shifted. He announced his intent to create a non-sectarian black nationalist movement that would heighten political consciousness and action among African Americans. This new program also served to support the southern Civil Rights movement, and Malcolm began to align himself with grassroots political activists and more militant groups such as the SNCC. While King was focused on equality of all and chose to view all men, black and white, as good, Malcolm Xs view of society was full of anger and a desire to get back at those that put him in this position of inequality. Throughout his career, King constantly criticized two groups, one of which being groups such as the Nation of Islam, which Malcolm happened to be a part of. He argued that this group resisted oppression with hatred and violence and that they were, immoral and incapable of removing the evil of white supremacy, (Howard-Pitney, 117). Malcolm X heavily criticized middle-class blacks, a class which included King. He regarded them as, self-hating, white-loving traitors, and believed that leaders that rose from this group were, puppets of their white masters and enemies of the black masses fight for freedom, (Howard-Pitney, 19)One of the most prominent critiques that King had about Malcolm was his approval for violence. He did not feel that it was necessary to get the point across and did not see why Malcolm felt so strongly about its implementation and continued support of more militant groups such as the SNCC. King felt as though Malcolm was to harsh in his view that whites could never be trusted. If African Americans were to be fully integrated, how could they go along not trusting those that they wish to become equal to? On the other hand, Malcolm critiqued Kings unwavering stance on non-violence. Malcolm did not believe that passive protests or marches were the answer because they did not create progress quick enough. He believed that answers and change needed to happen fast, and this would not be possible using Kings methods and teachings. Towards the end of both mens careers, the leaders views began to rapidly align and converge to the point where their once wide gap closed almost completely. After Malcolms commitment to true Islam, he began to favor African Americans pursuing traditional civil rights goals of desegregation, rather than separation, and voting rights. He also no longer automatically looked as white individuals as unchangeably and inherently evil. King also revised his views on things such as the nature of white racism, understanding now that it was far deeper and harder to remove than he initially thought. He also changed his views to mirror Malcolms on the extent of the systematic changes that needed to be made to get rid of racism and make up for the damages it caused. Towards the end of Malcolms life, it seemed as though King became more open to the idea of the two of them working together and that things were finally going to get better, but this was never able to happen. Two days before they were scheduled to meet again, Malcolm was killed in a, hail of bullets, (Howard-Pitney, 22). While they were never able to bridge all of their disagreements, many scholars believe that they never would have been able to agree on everything because of their dramatically different stances on the use of violence. Due to this convergence of views, people began to claim that King was becoming more negative overall and Malcolm was shifting towards more positive views and teachings. Kings speeches and callings were beginning to be seen as having a harsh tone and overall pessimistic. King supposedly spoke on the topic, attributing his growing sense of discouragement to an increase in urban riots, involvement in the Vietnam War, opposition to desegregation, and vast indifference to black poverty. Malcolm X on the other hand was seen as becoming more optimistic in his views. After leaving the Nation of Islam, he realized that it could be possible to have equality and integration, and the people noticed the change in his tone. This switch in ideology seems quite shocking when it is typ ically taught that King had one view and Malcolm had the other with no real change. However, in relation to the convergence of their views overall, it can be said that, Without doubt, King and Malcolm stood resolutely together in calling for black resistance to racial oppression, (Howard-Pitney, 19). King and Malcolm obviously had their differences. Their upbringings, education, lifestyles as they first moved into adulthood, and their overall stances on the Civil Rights issues could not have been more different. However, despite these differences, they were still fighting for the same thing: African American liberation. As Malcolm X once stated, King and I have nothing to debate about. We are both indicting. I would say to him: You indict and give them hope. Ill indict and give them no hope, (Malcolm X, 19). Even though these two men took different approaches to achieving their goals, they were working towards the same goal. With both men having as large of a platform as they did, the fact that they were both bringing a very serious and pertinent matter to the forefront of social and political conversations should not be overshadowed by their differences in ideology. More people were talking about this issue, whether they supported it or not, giving it the national attention it d eserved. In the end, They both loved their people and were committed to realizing African Americans real freedom, (Howard-Pitney, 19).

Spanish Free Essays

1. White persons, percent, 2010: Towson 80% and Maryland 50% 2. High school graduates, percent of persons age 25+, 2006-2010: Towson 94% and Maryland 88% 3. We will write a custom essay sample on Spanish or any similar topic only for you Order Now Bachelor’s degree or higher, pct of persons age 25+, 2006-2010: Towson 60% and Maryland 35% 4. Mean travel time to work (minutes), workers age 16+, 2006-2010: Towson 23. 7 and Maryland 31. 3 5. Median household income 2006-2010: Towson $72,949 and Maryland $70,647 What would he or she find? Based on your knowledge of your hometown, list out the positive and negative things you think the ethnographer might find. Positive: In the city of Towson 94% of people 25+ have graduated high school and that is 7% more than the Maryland as a whole. 60% of the people 25+ in Towson have a bachelor’s degree, which is almost double the Maryland percentage. The median household income is also high, $72,949. The average mean time to travel to work is also significantly lower than Maryland’s average time which implies that the surrounding area has more opportunities for employment than other places. Negative: The population of Towson is 80% white so it isn’t an very diverse area and that coupled with the moderate prosperity of the area could possibly lower the cultural awareness of the people of Towson. *What are some things that strike you about your hometown based on census data? What might the researcher learn if  only  reviewing the statistical data from census records? What are some things that might be misunderstood about your hometown from only reviewing census data? The most striking thing is the lack of diversity and high percentage of well-educated individuals in the area. If a researcher only studied Towson through the data it would seem like a city with low diversity and financially stable white individuals. But some thing that could be misunderstood is the area’s diversity. Towson has Towson University in the center off it, which draws a large amount of international and out of state students. These students increase the diversity of Towson dramatically and influence a lot of the commercial aspects of Towson. *Discuss the utility of qualitative and quantitative research. How does one complement the other? While quantitative research helps generalize the traits of an area through the use of statistics, qualitative research goes past the numbers and looks at factors that are harder to turn into numerical values. How to cite Spanish, Essay examples

My Ideal City Essay Example For Students

My Ideal City Essay In my ideal city all women will be respected and thought of as wise, intelligent, hardworking, and as having value. Woman would be able to choose any profession they wanted and truly would have equal pay for equal work. Being a mother and caregiver of their children would be realized as a very important position, since they are caring for and shaping the future generations. In fact, woman would be given great respect because they can incubate, birth, and nurse children. Stay at home moms and mothers that work part time would be giving a living stipend so they can stay home longer. All women would have two years paid maternity leave. The women that decided to go back to work would have on-site child care available to them. They would have the ability to go have lunch with their child, check in on them during breaks, or even nurse them throughout the day. If their child really needed their mother or was upset, the mother would not face negative consequences to go see their child. It would be considered normal and encouraged to help their child feel calm and happy again. Work hours would be more flexible with more ability to work from home. A work week would be 30-32 hours a week, rarely working longer with great health benefits, including birth control. I would think that women would have every bit of a chance to get any position in a company as a man as long as she had the ability to do the job and other job requirements. Women would no longer be second shelved though. They would be encouraged to get the necessary requirements in any field. No man would ever feel negative thoughts that he was working or training with a woman. He would just see her as a competent individual. All women would nurse their children unless there was a medical reason that they were not able to. Nursing would be the norm and the expected nutrition of babies. Everyone would know the value of nursing and it would be encouraged. Women could nurse anywhere they could be and would not be forced to go to the bathroom or cover up with a blanket. No one would be offended by something so important. This society would want all of their children to increase their intellectual ability and everyone would know that nursing would help a child to reach that goal. Some women might live in commune type of environments if they wanted. They could live with several of their friends and the women could share the house with each other and their children, while sharing daily tasks. They could enjoy friendships and a sense of community. Maybe the houses could be large enough for their husbands too. It would be somewhat based on the activities of The Farm commune or the shows, Big Love (2006-2011) and Sister Wives (2010- ), without the polygamy, unless of course that is what the women wanted. It could also be a great way for single mothers to be able to pay their bills while still getting housework, shopping, and food making done, along with yard work and home repairs, while having their child cared for by themselves or by a close, trusted friend. One or two women may prefer to work, just like on Sister Wives (2010- ). I kind of feel like men could be optional. Maybe it could be a city that was women only. Of course, they could have men visitors and boyfriends but this city could thrive on women working in the public offices, schools, city workers, as mechanics, in health care, and in grocery and department stores. I would love to see women taking the natural and caring approach that they do along with their strength and fortitude and make it a really fabulous city. .uca6650797064bd97856aea7e0c7b9bb1 , .uca6650797064bd97856aea7e0c7b9bb1 .postImageUrl , .uca6650797064bd97856aea7e0c7b9bb1 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uca6650797064bd97856aea7e0c7b9bb1 , .uca6650797064bd97856aea7e0c7b9bb1:hover , .uca6650797064bd97856aea7e0c7b9bb1:visited , .uca6650797064bd97856aea7e0c7b9bb1:active { border:0!important; } .uca6650797064bd97856aea7e0c7b9bb1 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uca6650797064bd97856aea7e0c7b9bb1 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uca6650797064bd97856aea7e0c7b9bb1:active , .uca6650797064bd97856aea7e0c7b9bb1:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uca6650797064bd97856aea7e0c7b9bb1 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uca6650797064bd97856aea7e0c7b9bb1 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uca6650797064bd97856aea7e0c7b9bb1 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uca6650797064bd97856aea7e0c7b9bb1 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uca6650797064bd97856aea7e0c7b9bb1:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uca6650797064bd97856aea7e0c7b9bb1 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uca6650797064bd97856aea7e0c7b9bb1 .uca6650797064bd97856aea7e0c7b9bb1-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uca6650797064bd97856aea7e0c7b9bb1:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Hatchet1 EssayIt could be a beta test city but soon the world would see that the saying â€Å"like a girl† would mean wonderful things. There would be farms run by women raising organic fruits and vegetables along with animals that would be free ranged and raised in ethical ways. Women could teach dance, make cheese, bread, jelly, and soap or anything else they fancy. They could be lesbians or not, but I think there would still be a lot of heterosexual women that would enjoy the sense of community with other women Abortion is something that I personally don’t agree with even though it’s often the hot topic for women. I would like to see that all women would feel that it’s ok to have their baby and that they would want their baby but if they felt that they could not care for their child at that time I would want adoption to be the option. I think with the great benefits women could get to help them raise their child I would hope that they would not feel alone and that pregnancy and birth would always be celebrated like it should. Since there wouldn’t be as many men around in this city there should be less sexual harassment, molesting, and rape, but also because everyone was raised to respect and honor women. If a woman ran into trouble with a man from another town she would be believed and he would be punished. The woman would be giving counselling for her to deal with the atrocity. Rape is a reason for the Plan B drug though so that would be available if needed, because no one should have to go through a pregnancy that would give them PTSD. I think the city should be called something like, Big Love, Like a Girl, or Tranquility. I think this city would be great and I would move there in a heartbeat.